To answer your question, yes that card still needs a chance to come out, so your only option (as it was unseen) is to reshuffle the muck and stub. As bad as the situation the dealer put you in was, I'd say it was a good use of rule #1 by you.
That being said, I work in Central PA and we follow the "proper procedure" (or at least, the more common procedure) of bringing the original river card as the new turn card, then reshuffling the original turn card back into the deck . Every time I instruct the dealer to do this, at least one player will chime in and say "no, you should put the original river card out face down and then shuffle and bring a new turn card out." I had never heard of this before so it must just be a regional thing, maybe out of AC? (or more likely their home games were run this way, as poker is fairly new to PA) IDK I'm from the mid-south . Either way, whenever someone tells me this "right way to do it" I always refer to the OP's exact example of why that would be a terrible, terrible, way of doing it - because the river card may end up mucked and also it might possibly be exposed.